Bulding and Constraction Company Research Paper

Bulding and Constraction Company - Research Paper Example More noteworthy detail, investigation and affectability are recommended when quality is the key component of venture finishing. This implies handling controls, execution and consistent evaluation of the task stages to keep on target. Executing complete quality starts with a precise meaning of the venture and its basic constraints; at that point it is trailed by evaluating task spans and assets in a work breakdown structure. Following advancement, announcing issues and adjusting the strategy, requires the use of a few undertaking the executives devices. In the event that it must be noted, tirelessness and exertion is normal in the responsibility of TQM. It is felt that ‘when an arrangement has not been followed, the arrangement was a loss in the first place’ (Leavitt et al, 1994). Figure 1 and 2 present the urgent viewpoints required to accomplish quality in venture the executives. The first underlines on significance of dynamic support of various elements or the contribution in securing applicable input significant in improving the venture. The subsequent figure shows the job of initiative and association culture during the time spent change. Globalization has caused changes in venture structures and authority levels, getting additionally adjusting however requiring an expanded sectoral support. In this way productive undertaking the board aptitudes are required. With the criticalness to be on schedule and in financial plan, coordination is more than once utilized through the use of undertaking the board apparatuses. It very well may be said that cutting edge venture the board is moderately new, as it has been utilized generally in many segments in the ongoing 1990s (Uluocak, 2009). This examination applies the changing apparatuses in Total Quality in Project Management, explicitly in the second piece of the vertical staged task of the Bentall Center 5. To feature the specialized ability, the work breakdown structure and earned worth

Criminal Law Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Criminal Law Assignment - Essay Example The most famous non-serious inquiries are, I'm not catching your meaning by â€Å"reasonable†? â€Å"How do you perceive a sensible man?† â€Å"Based on what standards will one adjudicator with regards to the sensibility of a person?† sensible individual as the â€Å"ordinary individual, is the individual you should consider when you are thinking about the impact which any demonstrations, any direct, any words, may need to legitimize the means which were taken accordingly thereto, so a strangely edgy or bellicose individual, or an intoxicated one or a man who is explicitly feeble isn't qualified for depend on incitement which would not have driven a common individual to have acted in the manner which was in actuality conveyed out.2 Some time before the authorization of the Homicide Act 1957, the way of thinking of the sensible man had been genuinely settled. Area 3 of the Homicide Act 1957 gives that where on a charge of homicide there is proof on which the jury find that the individual charged was incited (regardless of whether by things done or by things said or both together) to lose his restraint, the inquiry whether the incitement was sufficient to make a sensible man to do as he did will be left to be dictated by the jury. Moreover, in discovering that question, the jury will consider everything both done and said by the impact, which, as they would see it, it would have on a sensible man. In Regina v Smith chose by the House of Lords, area 3 of the 1957 Act was additionally talked about that where there is proof on which the jury can find that the respondent was incited to lose his poise, (1) the appointed authority will undoubtedly leave that issue to the jury and (2) the jury are to choose the issue by considering everything done and said by the impact which, as they would see it, it would have on a sensible man. 3 The institution of the Homicide Law end up being troublesome in the light of the Philosophy of the Reasonable Man. Master Hoffmann watches, segment 3 adjusted the law in two

New Student Photo Entry #28 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Entry #28 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The first three images come from Jeff Berger, an incoming MIA student. All three images were taken at the Marcavalle juvenile detention center in Cusco, Peru. Many of the boys there had committed serious crimes, yet the center operated like a strict summer camp rather than a prison. The youth are gradually prepared for reintegration into society through a special education system and hierarchical, merit-based programs. Image #1 â€" Morning roll call. Image #2 â€" Me and a few of the boys at a holiday celebration. Image #3 â€" Two of the boys learning the art of the “field goal.” It took me days to find what may have been the only store in Cusco selling footballs. ____________________________________ The next two photos were submitted by Bonita Treinen, an incoming MPA-DP student. This first picture was taken in Lanzhou, China where I lived 2002-2003. I am drawn to signs of community in dense urban environments, and these guys embody that. This second picture was taken in Thailand, where I lived 1998-2001. Theres nothing special about this picture, except that magic things happen every time I visit this little bay. Last time I was there a school of dolphins came up to play near me while I was out swimming alone.

Essay about Analysis of Anthem For Doomed Youth by Wilfred...

Analysis of Anthem For Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen The first poem that I am to analyse is Anthem for Doomed Youth, written by Wilfred Owen. This poem is a sonnet. It has fourteen lines. In this poem, the first and fourth lines rhyme, as do the second and third. The first stanza is mainly about the battlefield, whereas the second stanza is more about the feelings of friends and family back at home. This poem starts off at a quick pace, and then slows down throughout the poem, drawing to a slow and sombre close. Throughout this poem the feel of a war style funeral is compared and contrasted to the ways in which men died in the war. The title Anthem for Doomed Youth, gives you a first†¦show more content†¦The image that is created is that there is a mass of exploding shells. Guns is a loud and rhythmic word, creating the impression that this war is angry, like a monster. Only the stuttering rifles rapid rattle can patter out their hasty orisons, are two lines that imply that instead of prayers, the soldiers received the firing of bullets. Stuttering is an onomatopoei. Alliteration is used on the r sounds to emphasise the sounds of destruction that were occurring. No mockeriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦no prayers nor bellsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦nor choirs, is the start of the fith line and tells the horrible way in which the soldiers leave the world and that instead of having a decent funeral these soldiers who have died fighting for their country received The shrill demented choirs of wailing shells and bugles. Shrill is a hard word that creates the image that the funeral was not a quiet and peaceful way of saying goodbye to the soldiers. It creates a very piercing sound and is a harsh word. The word demented is used to describe the shells. This conjures up the image that the shells are going crazy. It could also imply that the sound the shells made was frightening to hear. Additionally, the shells and bugles are described as wailing. This is an onomatopoeia and a personification. This word portrays the image of sadness, perhaps that so many innocent men had lost their lives forShow MoreRelatedWilfred Owen Anthem for Doomed Youth Analysis1000 Words   |  4 PagesAnthem of the Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen The poem I chose to study is Anthem of the doomed youth by Wilfred Owen. Wilfred Owen, the son of a railway worker, was born in Plas Wilmot, near Oswestry, on 18th March, 1893. Owens youthful illusion of the glory of fighting as a soldier was reflected in his words to his mother on his return to England shortly before volunteering for the army...I now do most intensely want to fight. In the summer of 1917 Owen was badly concussed atRead MoreAnalysis Of Poem Anthem For Doomed Youth By Wilfred Owen And Trench Duty927 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant factor affecting many people’s lives. The two sonnets â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† by Wilfred Owen and â€Å"Trench Duty† by Siegfried Sassoon are two tales inspired by their experiences fighting in WW1 and all the horrors that war made them experience. Both poets use different sonnet structures, yet convey quite similar messages. In addition, these poets develop powerful images and metaphors, but in subtly different ways. Sassoon and Owen use structure, imagery and metaphor to show his audience theRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Anthem For Doomed Youth And Dulce Et Decorum Est1224 Words   |  5 Pagesof the poem for a time afterwards. Wilfred Owen was a poet who became well renowned after World War I where he unfortunately died in battle. Anthem for Doomed Youth (Anthem) and Dulce Et Decorum Est (Dulce) by Wilfred Owen both portray various themes including horrors of war, the futility of war and the pity and sadness of war. War is full of horrendous acts that every side of war commits, even if it is for their own reasons which to them seem honourable, but Owen tells a different story. Dulce depictsRead MoreEssay about WWI Sources1632 Words   |  7 Pagesfront and battlefield of World War One. Autobiographies, diaries, letters, official records, photographs and poems are examples of primary sources from World War One. The two primary sources analyzed in this essay are the poems, â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† by Wilfred Owen and â€Å"In Flanders Fields† by John McCrae. Primary sources are often personal, written from the limited perspective of a single individual. It is very difficult for the author to capture their own personal experience, while incorporatingRead MoreAnthem for Doomed Youth - Analysis1143 Words   |  5 PagesAnthem for Doomed Youth - Analysis The very title that Wilfred Owen chose for his war poem, Anthem for Doomed Youth is an apt representation of what he wanted the poem to encapsulate and the emotions he wanted to evoke in the readers. The word anthem and doomed youth is a stark juxtaposition when placed in the same sentence. An anthem is supposed to be something revered, something that represents the glory of a country and is bursting with national pride. However, when placed rightRead MoreWilfred Owen Techniques1135 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owens war poetry Good morning/afternoon teacher and peers, Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 in Oswestry (United Kingdom). He wanted to be a poet from the age of nineteen although most of his famous work is that which he wrote in his years spent in the war where he died in 1918. The preface to Owens poetry read: â€Å"This book is not about heroes. English poetry is not yet fit to speak of them. Nor is it about deeds, or lands, nor anything about glory, honour, might, majesty, dominionRead MorePoetry and War1681 Words   |  7 PagesHow does Owen explore the themes of war through the power of his poetry? Written by: vdg How does Owen explore the themes of war through the power of his poetry? Answer Q Owen expresses the themes of war through the unique power of poetry. Both the mental and physical brutality of war is emphasised in the poems, â€Å"The Send off,† â€Å"Anthem for doomed youth† and â€Å"Spring Offensive,† furthering the responder’s understanding of a soldier’s life on the western front. Owen employs various poetic devicesRead MoreCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy1660 Words   |  7 PagesEng 432 Outline Critical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy I. Introduction: 1. Introducing what is going to be discussed in the paper (analysis of Arms and the Boy , its relation to one of Owens poem). 2. Thesis Statement : Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy can be discussed to represent the horror of war. II. Body: 1. Owen was a soldier and a modern poet who was known as anti-war poet. A. A summary of Owens poetry in general . B. His representation of the horror of war in hisRead MoreThe History of The Old Lie and Poetry of Wilfred Owen2490 Words   |  10 PagesThe History of The Old Lie and Poetry of Wilfred Owen Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori is a Latin saying that was expressed by the roman poet Horace. It means It is sweet and fitting to die for your country. When Owen wrote his poetry based on his experience of the Great War he did not agree with this saying; he wrote poetry that was full of horror yet told the truth. Therefore he called this saying the old lie. Owen called it this because war was no longerRead MoreWild Geese By Mary Oliver1581 Words   |  7 Pageseagerness; each actually sounded pretty good with this poem. Maybe that is because this poem brings forth more questions than answers, and the questions could be asked in each of these emotions. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† by Wilfred Owen is a painful poem referencing the injustices of losing young men at war. Owen talks of the men dying in groups like cattle on the battlefield. All they hear as they lay dying is the sound of gunfire and war. They are not surrounded by family as they should be, only other

The Nature of Logic and Perception Essay example - 687 Words

Critical thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. It is used to describe thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed - the kind of thinking involved in solving problems, formulating inferences, calculating likelihood’s, and making decisions when the thinker is using skills that are thoughtful and effective for the particular context and type of thinking task. Thus, critical thinking involves: following evidence where it leads; considering all possibilities; relying on reason rather than emotion; being precise; considering a variety of possible viewpoints and explanations; weighing the effects of motives and biases; being concerned more with finding the†¦show more content†¦This requires that they develop sound criteria and standards for analyzing and assessing their own thinking and routinely use those criteria and standards to improve its quality. Broadly speaking, critical thinking is concerned with reason, intellectual honesty, and open-mindedness, as opposed too emotionalism, intellectual laziness, and closed-mindedness. Wordnet views perception as â€Å"insight, intuition, or knowledge gained by perceiving, a way of conceiving something† (Wordnet, 1997). Perception, to me is the way I view something or situation, it may not necessarily be the way the situation happened. I was recently involved in a situation at work when my co-workers and me perceived that weekly department meeting would be unpleasant and hostile. The reason for the misperception was because our supervisor sent us a hostile email. He was having a badShow MoreRelated Nature of Logic and Perception Essays1127 Words   |  5 PagesNature or Logic and Perception Outline: 1. Definition of logic and its connection with critical thinking. 2. An everyday example is given when use of logic and critical thinking takes place. 3. Nature of logic defined. 4. Perceptual shortcuts and factors influencing it. 5. How these shortcuts affect our decisions. 6. My personal experience of perceptual shortcut. 7. What I learned from this experience. 8. Importance of logic and critical thinking. 9. Read More The Nature of Logic and Perception Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstand, what we do and how we think. How did we come to a certain conclusion or perception? This paper will explain the nature of logic to critical thinking. Also covered will be my own perceptual process and a description of the types of blocks that influence my views. It is the ability to hone the thinking skills necessary to become a well-rounded contributor to a society or an organization. The nature of logic to critical thinking begins at an early age. From the time one learns the differenceRead MoreEssay on The Nature of Logic and Perception745 Words   |  3 PagesThe nature of logic and perception Logic is the science of reasoning or sound reasoning. Logically the only reasoning I seem to understand is my own. This has caused me to make many wrong decisions. My judgment with people usually ends up with me looking like an idiot, but I live with the logic what don’t kill you is bound to make you strong. To understand what logic is first you need to be able to be able to understand the reasoning for exactly what is going one at the time. Perception is theRead MorePerception Is The Organization, Identification And Interpretation Of Sensory Information1209 Words   |  5 PagesPerception is the organisation, identification and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the environment. Like perception, logic plays a role in critical thinking. Critical thinking is the process in which one mentally explores deeper than the superficial matters at hand into the deeper layers in order to find out what the real issues are. However, when it comes to weighing their beneficial impact on the critical thinking process, logic and perception are by noRead MoreDoes Cognitive Bias Influence The Patterns We Exist?1529 Words   |  7 Pageslife? Cognitive bias is defined as pattern of distortion in perception and a deviation from rational decision; irrationality Decision-making, belief and behavioral biases. If a person was to look into human sciences and mathematics as ways of knowing, he or she would determine that cognitive bias is present every time a person sees a pattern. However, they are unable to see the bias for themselves because of the selectivity of perception. Human sciences will be beneficial in answering this questionRead MoreRecreation of the Ideas of Edmund Husserl Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the environment. We begin by explaining what the phenomenological attitude is not. This method contrasts with the popular framework, advocated by Husserl himself in his earlier works, of psychologism. Through this lens, the totality of human logic stems from psychological processes contained within the brain. However, Husserl did not hold that invoking the sciences was conducive to genuine philosophical pursuits due to their heavy reliance on presuppositions with which psychologism is fraughtRead MoreObjectivity And The Phenomenological Reduction1250 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaning-constitution†(Moran 78). I’ll attempt to use logic as an example: the proper object of logic is to study the relationship between the contents of expressions and what is being expressed; Modus Ponens states that if p then q is accepted, and the antecedent p holds, then the consequent q may be inferred. Logic is only interested in the functional relation between the truth-value of p and q in the domain whe re Modus Ponens is applicable. Because logic, in one domain is only interested in the functionalRead More Logic and Perception Essay1132 Words   |  5 Pages Logic and Perception nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A human’s ability to think constitutes the human’s ability to live. Though life can and does go on without thought, thoughtless life would hold no meaning for most of us. Our thoughts fill our days and give meaning and purpose to our days to come. Through perception, we become aware of our environment through physical sensation (Merriam-Webster, 1997, p.546). Every single experience and observation, every smell and sound, that enters our mind throughRead MoreComparison Of The â€Å"Death By Landscape† And â€Å"The Yellow1231 Words   |  5 Pagesthat Lois is in throughout the story. Lucy is not alive in a body, but in the obsession of Lois’s mind. Society deals with death in many ways, whether it is in ritual or locking it behind a wall in the mind. Lois locks Lucy in the depths of her perception and mind as shown by the paintings she has collected, â€Å"every one of them is a picture of Lucy. You can’t see her exactly. But she’s there, in behind the pink stone island or the one behind that.† (Atwood 129). Due to the disturbance that Lois isRead MoreReasearch Article Analysis1251 Words   |  6 PagesI will look to analyze are: to identifying the purpose of the article, the problem, the design of the study, the operational design of the study, look to identify if any inductive and or deductive logic were used in the article, look to identify if the research is quantitative or qualitative in nature, the methodology, the population targeted, the sampling methods used, the return dates, the research findings, describe the conclusions and recommendations made by the author(s), and finally a detailed

American Women and Community Free Essays

Prior to Aug. 26, 1920 women in the United States could not participate in the democratic process. Following the Civil War, American women wanted to have more input into the decisions that would impact their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on American Women and Community or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order for women to gain suffrage groups across the nation had to gather together and create a unified effort for change. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, the first formal conference for woman’s suffrage, challenged America to a revolution that would endure for more than seven decades before women actually were granted the right to vote. Convened by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott, the conventions aim was to empower women and invoke change through suffrage for women. Since the Civil War women had begun to feel the need to represent themselves and be able to participate in the decision making process which would affect their daily lives. â€Å"The catalyst for this gathering was the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in 1840 in London and attended by an American delegation which included a number of women. In attendance were Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who were forced to sit in ther galleries as observers because they were women. This poor treatment did not rest well with these women of progressive thoughts, and it was decided that they would hold their own convention to discuss social, civil and religious rights of women, (, 2008,  ¶ 3). † The community of women who gathered in 1848 faced their first challenge in 1869 when the 15th amendment, which extended the right to vote to African-American men, was introduced and passed. â€Å"During the civil war, women’s suffrage was eclipsed by the war effort and movement for the abolition of slavery. While annual conventions were held on a regular basis, there was much discussion but little action. Activists such as slave-born Sojourner Truth, Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B Anthony lectured and petitioned the government for the emancipation of slaves with the belief that, once the war was over, women and slaves alike would be granted the same rights as white men. At the end of the war, however, the government saw the suffrage of women and that of the Negro as two separate issues and it was decided that the Negro vote could produce the immediate political gain, particularly in the South, that the women’s vote could not, (, 2008,  ¶ 6). † Some women felt that they should support the 15th amendment as a victory which would bring women one step closer to voting. This faction of women’s suffrage supporters believed that after black men gained the right to vote there would be no barriers preventing women from gaining that right as well. Yet another faction felt that they could not endorse the amendment until they had been granted the right themselves. Two groups emerged, the National Woman Suffrage Association and Woman’s Suffrage Association. Both groups worked toward suffrage as well as securing property rights for married women and other institutional changes. Following the Civil War, women’s study groups flourished. These groups gave women access to education and an intellectual forum. By the early twentieth century communication was also more effective and women across the nation had more experiences and were generally better prepared to organize themselves, (Bauer, 1999). However, this was also a quiet time for the suffrage movement. It was not until 1914 when a younger generation of women began to hold street presentations, parades and other activism stunts to gain attention. In 1915 the National Woman’s Party formed and began to campaign against the party in power, (Bauer). At this time women were being arrested for their action and in jail some were mistreated. The mistreatment of women gained much attention creating public sympathy for the suffragists. Although World War I slowed the progression of suffrage by 1919 women the 19th amendment was officially passed. By Aug. 26, 1920 then President Woodrow Wilson ratified the amendment allowing women to enter the polls for the first time in the United States. References (2008). The History of Women’s Suffrage. History . Retrieved from www. history. com Bauer, H. (1999). The Priviledge for Which We Struggled. Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. How to cite American Women and Community, Papers

Should Parents Spend More Time with Their Children free essay sample

In China, both of the parents have their jobs. With the development of economy, people tend to pursue high quality living conditions. Most of the parents try their best to offer their children comfortable circumstances, but they seldom have time to stay with their children. In my point of view, no matter how busy they are, they should make the best use of their time to stay with their children. First, the love between children and adults will be improved by spending more time on their children. Children could feel parents affection through the genial conversation and sharing their pleasure with them. Every time when parents take them to amusement park, help them to prepare their birthday parties, applaud for them when they are competing in the sports meeting, the time they spend with children will become treasure in their memories. Second, children need the direction from their parents. There are some wrong behaviors in our society such as dishonesty, corruption, violence and eroticism and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Parents Spend More Time with Their Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Children have weak resistance in defending this detrimental influence. In this case, parents instructions seem to be very important to childrens growth. Parents should sit down and talk with them about what they should do and should not do. In addition, if parents often spend time in staying with their children, adults good behaviors will greatly influence their children. Here I do not deny that there are some disadvantages in spending too much time on children. Some parents restrict their children, and give them little freedom to develop their interests. Therefore, I emphasize that parents should educate and instruct their children appropriately in their spare time apart from their busy works.

what is social psychology Essays - Behavioural Sciences,

social paychology is the scientific study of how individuals think and feel and behave in regard to other people and how individuals thought, feeling and behaviors are affected by other people . lets look at each part of this definition.ther are many approaches to understanding how people think, feeland behave. we can learn about human behavior from nowels, films history and philosophy to name just a few. we can learn about human behavior from novels films history and philosophy to name just a few possibilities. what makes social psychology is a science. it applies the scientific method of systematic observation sescripition and measurement ot the study of the human condition. how and why social psychologiest do this is talk about in my next paper

Legalizing Marijuanna essays

Legalizing Marijuanna essays How can something so good be so bad There is a large drug problem facing Canada today, and this problem extends to all citizens. It's not just the poor and the uneducated that are affected by this problem. The most largely used illegal drug in Canada is Marijuana, and thus is targeted as the drug for law enforcement to target the most, costing the taxpayers lots and lots of money. I will show you that Marijuana is not as large an evil as it may appear, and that if legalized the economy would be strengthened and the efforts of law enforcement could be focused on more serious drugs. First off, to understand what we are dealing with I will give a brief explanation of what Marijuana is and it's uses. Marijuana is classified as a hallucinogen and is a psychoactive drug. Its medical name is Cannabis Sativa and it is found in the Indian hemp plant, of which there are three types; Cannabis Sativa, Cannabis Indica, and Cannabis Rudderalis. Some of its nicknames and street names are pot, weed, green, herb, and sensi. The drugs use dates back in manuscripts back to 2700B.C. in China (Nadelmann). Jamestown settlers also cultivated the drug, 1611, who used the drug for its fibers to make rope and clothes. Marijuana is widely used, an estimated one out of every three people have used it, and among high school students 44% have experimented with it (Bowmen). Marijuana is almost always smoked to experience the effects, but eating it and brewing it into tea are common practice also. It can be smoked by rolling it into a paper (joint) or by placing it into a pipe (often called a bowl). Often times there is a mixture of marijuana with tobacco to create a pleasurable taste. When someone smokes marijuana for the first time they do not get high, it is usually the second or third time a user feels the effects. These include chronic laughter and heightened senses. Afterwards a dry mouth and hunger, called the munchies, often follow. The ingredient in cann...

How does pricing strategy and price optimisation become strong Essay

How does pricing strategy and price optimisation become strong elements in revenue management to the independent boutique hotels in London - Essay Example 6). This piece of research paper explains how does pricing strategies and price optimisation become strong elements of revenue management in hotel industry, especially in independent boutique hotels in London. This paper details various pricing strategies like price optimisation, price discrimination and describe how these can help hotels to increase revenues as well as create customer focus. Revenue management is a process of managing capacity profitability that a hotel is involved in selling right inventory to the right customers at right time and for right price. One of its basic elements in allocating undifferentiated units of capacity to the available demand to generate maximum profit (Ingold, Yeoman and McMahon-Beattie, 2000, p. 3). Past and current levels of booking records are used to help the firm forecast demand and to maximize the profits as part of revenue management (Avinal, 2004, p. 52). Tranter, Hill and Parker (2009) emphasized that the hotel industries should develop a customer-centric approach to pricing. The pricing strategies that hotel industries adopt should be basically centered upon the perceptions and buying behaviour of the customers rather than solely focusing upon the products, service and profit margins (p. 117). In today’s highly competitive marketing environment, hotel industries have realized the importance of customer focus and customer centric approach along with its pricing strategies. Most boutique hotels perceive customer value as centre to its marketing concept and pricing strategies. One of the very common pricing strategies used in hotel industries is demand-based pricing, in which the hotels research the quantities of the products or services that would be purchased at different prices. This pricing method helps hotels to ensure that amounts produced can almost be sold out, but, making accurate demand estimation

Interrupting Flooding Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interrupting Flooding - Assignment Example The rain garden should not be located straight over a septic system, it should also be built in sun and not under obstructions such as canopied trees among pother siting issues. The residential code regulates the construction of a rain garden by providing guidelines which must be followed. The cost of constructing rain garden is another inhibiting factor as the design should be deep enough to be costly. User profiles and needs: Surveys and interviews were conducted from different residents affected by the run-off during the rainy season to assess the extent of the problem. The users reported the following problems; Increase in pollution, Erosion of soil causes Sedimentation, Metal pollutants harm aquatic life, Stagnation of water increases the number of mosquitos, Contamination of water bodies with pesticides and Contribution of high temperatures among others. The problems are illustrated in the Pareto chart below. Design objectives: the design objects to solve the problem of the residents who experience high rates of surface run off during the rainy season. The design should be able to withstand percolation of water which reduces the amount of water running to the water bodies causing floods. The rain garden is designed to capture excess rainwater from hard surfaces which cannot percolate water such as driveways and cemented surfaces. The rain gardens are designed with beautiful flowers which can be attractive especially when in urban areas with poor drainage. The rain gardens are constructed with special features which enable them to capture the excess surface run-off. There are layers of sandy soil below the rain gardens which reduce the rate at which water enter the water bodies and the creeks. They are also effective in the removal of pollutants caused by fertilizers, nitrogen, dust and other wash off pollutants from the hard surfaces. Rain gardens are very effective as they can be mainta ined even in urban areas; they reduce runoff and protect the

Cause And Affect Of Unemployment In Malaysia Economics Essay

Cause And Affect Of Unemployment In Malaysia Economics Essay Unemployment is a very important issue for every country, especially developing country with a tremendous population. High unemployment means that labor resources are not being used efficiently. In consequence, full employment should be a major macroeconomic goal of government. This essential issue often being included in the government policy or agenda for parliament debate and discussion year after year. After a long period of discussion and debate, it seems no ultimate solution has been found to completely eliminate unemployment. Theoretically, industrial economies are cyclically sensitive as such when it expands, factors including employment, sales, prices and profits will rise. However, when it contracts, downturns are inevitable and significant (Nazaria, 2003). When our national economy is in recession, many firms and companies are close down, it will cause unemployment rate to increase. The financial crisis that started in mid 1997 has affected the Malaysian economy. The impact was evident with the economic growth measured in real GDP began to slow down and registered the first negative growth since 1985 of -7.4 per cent in 1998. Table 1 depicts real GDP growth, labor force and unemployment from 1996 -2003 (UKM Juru Perunding, 2002). The contraction in real GDP affected the labor market resulting in slower employment growth, increased in the unemployment rate and also retrenchment. Labor force registered negative growth of 2.1 per cent and employment declined by 2.8 per cent in 1998 compared to a positive growth of 4.9 and 4.6 per cent in 1996 and 1997, respectively. In the same year, unemployment, on the other hand, experienced a slight increase standing at 3.1 per cent. Retrenchment soared to 83,865 workers in 1998 compared to approximately 19,000 in 1997 (EPU, 1999). Table 1: Real GDP Growth, Labor Force, Employment, Unemployment, Labor Force Participation Rates, 1996-2003 Sources: Nazaria B., 2003: Working paper of Unemployed Graduates: Pre and Post 1997 Crisis. Okuns Law, stated that there is a negative relationship between unemployment rate and real GDP. Okun (1962) found that a deviation of 3 per cent in the GDP will produce a rise by 1 per cent in the unemployment rate. Besides that, Zaleha, Norashidah Judhiana(2007) prove that Okuns Law can be applied to explain Malaysias condition. Results of Table 2 showed that the value of the t-statistic for the coefficient (5.796) is greater than the critical t-value at the ninety five percent confidence level (1.96). This proves that GDP strongly depends on unemployment. Unemployment is one of the main mechanisms that can affect GDP. On the other hand, the result also confirmed that there is a negative relationship between unemployment and output growth. The Coefficient is -1.75 and it is significant at 1 percent level. It means that one percent decline in unemployment will increase output by 1.75 percent. As a result, it will increase the growth rate of the GDP. Table 2: Results of Regression Analysis Sources: Zaleha Mohd Noor, Norashidah Mohamed Nor Judhiana Abdul Ghani (2007). The Relationship between Output and Unemployment in Malaysia: Does Okuns Law exist? Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia,Pp.6 1.2 Objectives of the Study The overall goal of the study is to examine the factors that cause and affect the unemployment in Malaysia. It is important to identify these factors in order to find solutions which can reduce unemployment rate. The study aim to investigate the factors that cause unemployment such as consumption, investment, government spending and trade. They affect the supply and demand in the labor market. While economic recession may cause lack of job opportunity in the job market. Moreover, this study also intends to develop some solutions to solve the problem of unemployment. It is expected that this study will achieve the research objective and highlight some important issues which relate to unemployment. 1.3 Organization of Research Study This study is organized into 3 chapters that will address the overall objective of the research. Each chapter will also serve the purpose of delivering the research following its title. Chapter 1 briefly introduces the research topic Relationship between Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth in Malaysia. Meanwhile, the research objective will be to study the consumption, investment, government spending, as well as the trade that affect economic growth and caused unemployment in Malaysia. Chapter 2 seeks to support the study by providing various relevant journals and articles on the area of interest of the research. This is also the proof of reading the literature relevant to the area of study. Chapter 3 discusses the strategy and method used to collect the data. The research frameworks consist of four independent variables, which are consumption, investment, government spending and trade. Meanwhile, unemployment will be the dependent variable. Secondary data collected from Data Stream and research methods are decided. 1.4 Significant of Study The information gained from this research will be able to provide valuable solution to reduce the unemployment rate in Malaysia. It will also provide Malaysia government with an idea on how important is to reduce the problem of unemployment rate. Reducing the unemployment rate may lead to a better economy in Malaysia due to the increase in productivity of Malaysia. A growth of national income, higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Malaysia will then be achieved while the nations will have higher purchasing power and can lead to a better quality of life. Investment, indeed, brings a lot of job opportunity in the country. Whenever foreign direct investments (FDI) invest in the country, there will be a lot of industry set up for production and administration. Thus labor demand will be increased due to the investment. It then decreases a certain amount of unemployed. Another factor to reduce the unemployment is through the government spending. Government needs to build and construct many of the facilities in the country for the societys benefits. Government needs to spend on construction of big projects; this injection of money will help to create the job opportunity for the labor in the country. Unemployment will be decreased. Trade is one of the factors to reduce the unemployment as the working opportunity is created when two countries trade. Increasing of trade internationally meaning there will be an up surging of export. Thus, domestic supply of goods is needed to meet the international demand. From that, the people have an opportunity to produce and manufacture new product for the trade among the countries. 1.5 Research Question The research question for the study would be Relationship between Unemployment Rate and Economic Growth in Malaysia. Several independent variables affecting the unemployment rate will be investigated to see how actually it will influence the economic growth in Malaysia. The details of the study are: To study the consumption pattern affect the economic growth. To investigate whether investment affect the unemployment rate. To examine whether government spending affect the unemployment rate. To study the effect of trade on the unemployment rate. 1.6 Problem Statement Unemployment is a negative issue that may arise in every country around the world. As long as a person is involved in the labor market, he or she may one day become unemployed. Once unemployment issue is not solved, creation of problems to the unemployed graduates, nations, society and even the country will certainly arise. Furthermore, if the nations unemployment continues to be severing, riots and insurgency will be occurring across the country and halting the country trading. A significant lost towards the nation will arise due to this serious problem. Solution for the unemployment problem is a priority of the government to include in the national economic planning and policy implementation. In this research, focus will be placed on how economic growth effects unemployment and their relationship. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Definition of Unemployment According to International Labor Organization (ILO, 2001), unemployed is persons who are above a specified age are without work, currently available for paid employment or self-employment, and actively seeking work. There are three categories of unemployment, Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment is related to the mismatch in skills, as well as the inadequacy in locations or simply the wrong area desired for work, and interpersonal characteristics. For instance, as the technology is improving and changing in the market often causes many skills possessed to be obsolete. With the advancement of computer many jobs in manual book-keeping have been replaced by highly efficient and handy software. Frictional Unemployment Frictional Unemployment is resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers. This type of unemployment occurs when there are fresh graduates trying to enter the job market, searching for job of their choices. Cyclical Unemployment Unemployment that is attributed to economic contraction is called cyclical unemployment. The economy has the capacity to create jobs which increases economic growth. When the economy is in recession, firm will reduce production and it lead to the decline of labor demand. Thus, cyclical unemployment will rise sharply during recession. 2.2 Unemployment in Malaysia It is essential to look at the unemployment trends in Malaysia for the period ranging from 2000 to 2009 (Figure 1). By observing the figure, unemployment rate remained moderate at approximate 3 percent. Unemployment rate increases steadily from 2001 to 2004. On the year 2001, the 911 incident, US World Trade Centre was attacked by terrorists (Terence Tai-Leung Chong,2005). This attack marks the beginning of the US economy downturn. It then affects the whole world economy to decline. Being the largest economy in the world, US needs to import tremendously from the rest of the countries. Thus, US economy downturn has decreased its import and the worlds export will decline as well. When the decline of export for the country, it will directly cause the down fall of the countrys economic growth as the productivity has been reduced .Therefore, the global economy will be sluggish. Hence, unemployment rate in Malaysia is 3.7 percent on 2002. During 2003, Malaysia was hit by double critical incidents which were Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Iraq War (Robert Evans,2003). Unemployment rate was 3.8 percent which has increased 0.1percent. There was an immediate effect from the outbreak of SARS and Iraq War due to the large amount of inter-regional trade. SARS and Iraq War have triggered a global downturn therefore affect the world economy into recession, and lowered world growth forecasts. SARS epidemic was concentrating in Asia which is the fastest growing economy in the world and that had basically been keeping the world economy to float. Malaysia has gone through East Asia financial crisis during 1997. Thus, Malaysia has the ability to combat and survive during the sub-prime crisis. Some efforts of the policy maker have made to strengthen the domestic economy. Policy maker has implemented several monetary policy as well as fiscal policy to stimulate the economy. The increasing trend and steady growth in the Malaysias Leading Index (LI) and the ratio of the Coincident Index to Lagging Index in 2007 (Public Bank Berhad,2007) indicates that the Malaysian economy was continue to remain strong and healthy in 2008 which US sub-prime mortgage crisis deceleration in the US economy. Figure 1: Unemployment Rate in Malaysia Sources: Indexmundi.com (2008). Malaysia Unemployment rate (%). Retrieved November3,2009.Website:http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=myv=74 During a period of high unemployment, employees worry about losing their job and not able to get another job. Other than that, workers are less willing to leave unsatisfactory jobs because it is not easy to be hired at this current period. This may cause a decrease in production because workers are lack of experience in their current job. Higher unemployment rate will also affecting the government tax revenue. It is because there are more workers losing their jobs and leads to decrease in government revenue from income tax. 2.3 Factors that affect Unemployment There are four independent variables that affect unemployment which are consumption, investment, government spending, and trade. 2.3.1 Consumption Based on the study by Castillo, Dolado Jimeno (1998), the result showed by using one cross-section of household per county, by comparing with the employed workers, the consumption losses suffered by the unemployed were 50% to 100% higher in Portugal and Spain, depending on the workers job experience and skills. Besides, Bover et al. (2000) found that the unemployment benefits systems in Spain are more generous than in Portugal. According to Samuel et al (2001), an increase in the duration of unemployment of male household heads tend to be connected with consumption losses in Germany, Great Britain, and the US than Spain and Italy. Also, in terms of married households, Browning and Meghir (1991) found that the husband is unemployed in a married household have budget shares for clothing of 35% lower than the husband is being employed. There are two authors have proven that consumption suffers downfall during unemployment. Cochrane (1991) reported a fall in consumption growth of 24% to 27% during unemployment. On the other hand, Browning and Crossley (2001) also proved that a mean fall in consumption of 14% on unemployment. Browning and Crossley (2000) deal with the effect of income shock due to unemployment on consumption. Individuals experiencing an income shock may reduce consumption on durable expenditure than on food expenditure. For example, they may postpone to buy new jewelry or to replace new furniture. 2.3.2 Investment According to Harms and Hefeker (2003), the returns of portfolio investment abroad are positively correlated with U.S. labor demand shocks. When there is more investment, it generates new jobs; therefore labor demand will increase accordingly. Thus, this will aid in the decrease of the unemployment rate. Erkki Koskela, Rune Stenbacka, and Mikael Juselius (2009) study the effect of the unemployment equilibrium with capital investments under the category of labor market imperfections. By showing a higher capital, labor ratio has a wage-moderating effect with sufficiently strong labor market imperfections, the strategic effect of capital investments. Based on this appliance, an increased capital stock decreases unemployment equilibrium if the relative bargaining power of the labor union is sufficiently strong. Marino (2000) showed the interdependency between FDI, economic growth, employment or explanation of factors for stimulating the FDI inflow in the case of open economies. The GDP growth is positively correlated with the capacity of FDI inflow. On the other hand, the relationship between GDP growth and FDI inflow is rather contrary in the case of closed economy. Christoph Ernst (2005) studied that a country needs stable and productive investment inflows which would contribute to a rise in production rate and employment, to the technological modernization of the economy, as well as the production of higher value added goods resulting in a better integration into the world economy. There is a strong correlation between national productivity and the level of unemployment (Joseph Prokopenko, 2000). In a situation where the economy is productive and competitive, there will be contest in the foreign market. Thus, it lowers the unemployment rate. However, investment will increase due to the high production rate. Then, it will create new job opportunities and the employment rate will increase as well. Hence, investing in a productive market is a source which can create new market and then increases the job opportunities in the market. According to Borensztein, Gregorio Lee(1998) and Yussof and Ismail (2002), FDI will introduce technology and management skill into the domestic firm to enhance the productivity. They may bring towards new technology into the domestic market. Thus, domestic labor will have a chance to upgrade and equip themselves with knowledge from the new technology and systems. FDI have positive effects on domestic unemployment, according to Lall (2002). FDI leads to increase the value of human capital accumulation. Labor will always get new knowledge from new technology so that they will be able to suit themselves into the specified occupations or jobs. Then, unemployment rate will decrease, hence, strengthening the economic growth of the country. On the other hand, Blomstorm, Fors Lipsey (1997) found that FDI will retain unskilled jobs at home country when more skill-intensive activities are allocated to the foreign country. Foreign investors will leave jobs which do not need much of labor skill work at their home country and relocate more labor-skilled works abroad. This way, the investors would be able to save in training cost by investing in foreign countries which have abundant skillful workers. 2.3.3 Government Spending Government programs are the largest source of counterbalancing the income against household earnings shocks arising from the unemployment in the U.S. (Dynarski Gruber, 1997). Agell, et al. (1997) noted that the government purchases and transfers can enhance employment thus strengthening and stabilizing the economic growth of the nation. Spending on infrastructure will create more jobs opportunity (Kenyon, 1997). Government spending can raise labor productivity and also complements the investment from private sectors. Subsequently, the demand for labor will increase, hence, decreases the unemployment rate. The whole process of government spending is like a catalyst that can stimulate the overall economic activity and growth in the country. According to Feldstein (1978), due to the unemployment insurance and taxation on labor income could deform work-leisure decisions, and it increases unemployment rates. Even if they do not have a job, they could still get the unemployment insurance to support their daily lives. Thus, this will result in a negative manner where labors will depend on the unemployment insurance instead of working hardly. On the other hand, the increase in income tax will lead to unemployment because income taxes charge according to personal income of individuals. The higher the income, the higher the taxes the person needs to pay. Everyone work so hard to get better income for a better life and yet they need to pay higher tax. Hence, there is this mentality where they would choose or decide not to work hard or be jobless, so that they would be able escape from being oppressed by the government with income taxes. 2.3.4 Trade According to Brecher (1974), the unemployment rate could rise or fall after trade depending mainly on whether the country exports labor-intensive goods or not. It shows under the Heckscher-Ohlin model. Davis (1998a, 1998b) further discussed about the effect in a two-country framework. If home country produces and exports labor intensive goods, then the employment rate will increase. Matusz (1996) explored the consequences of opening to trade on the unemployment rate using the efficiency-wage framework. Open to trade will create intra-industry trade. It creates new jobs opportunity and then reduces the unemployment rate. According to Brecher (1974) and Davis (1998), their study found that trade liberalization can reduce unemployment rate. Foreign workers are able to go to other countries anytime if there is no existence of the barrier of trade. Thus, a countrys supply of labor will be excessive and it reduces tremendously, the job opportunity for domestic labors. Besides, frictional unemployment in comparative advantage model was introduced to find whether any relationship lay on a comparison of capital-labor benefit across countries (Davidson Matusz 1988). For a country that produces capital intensive goods, labor skill is not in need for its production, thus, unemployment rate will increase. Besides, fair wages has been introduced into a model with increasing returns to scale and trade liberalization of trade that would increase the unemployment rate (Egger and Kreickemeier, 2009). Labor wages in home country will be affected due to the excess in foreign labor supply. It reduces domestic wages and also reduces the chance of domestic worker to get a job at home country. As for one of the consequences, domestic unemployment rate will increase dramatically. Helpman and Itshoki (2008) combined the comparative advantage consideration and increasing returns to scale by using search-matching approach. In conclusion, globalization can affect the increase of unemployment rate. Foreign workers can enter into the domestic labor market in a country, with cheap labor wages, that will result in the reduction of domestic wages as well as reducing the chance of domestic workers to get a job in their own country. Unavoidably, the domestic unemployment rate will increase. According to Thomas (2004), Malaysia is heavily depending on foreign trades, the nations exports account contributes large proportion of GDP, and manufactured goods are one of the main exports of Malaysia. As Malaysia is dependent on generating revenue through exports, many problems would occur if the exporting sector fails. Mainly, it will cause a major unemployment issue that would cause many of its people to suffer economic downfall. This is because manufacturing factories fail to sell and export their products, causing them to face financial problem. Therefore, it would result in the closing down of the factory, thus, the unemployment rate rises. 2.4 Unemployment Benefits in Malaysia Unemployment benefits system is a benefit which is for eligible workers who become unemployed. Unemployment benefits consist of unemployment insurance and unemployment assistance. Unemployment benefits are available to the eligible unemployed only. The term eligible here means an unemployed individual which is in a condition of ready, willing and able to work on the go (Eva Liu, Walter and Kwong, 2000). Many studies have proven that unemployment benefits effectively smoothens consumption during unemployment. According to Gruber (1997), he found that the nations budget on consumption expenditures would fall by 22 percent without the presence of unemployment insurance. It is proven from the study that unemployment could deteriorate not only the populations welfare but as well as the country itself. Furthermore, according to Kugler (2002), a study has made showing that the withdrawals from unemployment insurance savings account cause an increase of consumption level by unemployed househ old in Colombia. Martin Borowing Thomas Crossley (1996) discovered the impact of unemployment benefits to household welfare through the chain below. In general, their research study has concerned and included the overall link from unemployment benefits to its expenditures. As the result, they found out that a 5 percent cut in unemployment benefits level will cause an expenditure fall by 0.3 percent. The unemployment benefits as a major income for unemployed household have significantly larger falls in consumption. Also, some of the studies have been reviewed. For instance, the author reviewed Kell and Wright (1990) and Lundberg (1985) studies which were the relationship between personal income and household income depending on the reaction of earnings by other family members. Unemployment Insurance benefits Personal Income Household Income Household Expenditure Household Utility Level However, Malaysia does not have any unemployment benefits system but the government has prepared a several types of welfare benefit system. 2.4.1 Severance Pay Severance pay, in Malaysia, is regarded as a form of unemployment-related benefit for both employers and employees (Eva Liu, Walter and Kwong, 2000). Those workers, whose earnings which are not exceeding RM 1500 per month, irrespective of their earnings are covered under the employment Act 1955, will be provided for severance pay. Severance pay is known as retrenchment benefits, or termination and lay-off benefits in Malaysia. The rate is paid at the following rates: 10 days, 15 days, 20 days wages for each year of service for an employment shorter than two years, longer than two years but shorter than five years, five years or longer, respectively. Severance pay is expected to be sufficient to meet the basic need of an unemployed worker until the next job is found. But, one must be clear that, severance pay is not equivalent to unemployment insurance or unemployment assistance. Recipient employees do not need to have any prior contribution, neither the recipient employees are required to be able to work, nor willing to working or in the mode of finding work, in order for him to receive severance payment. Severance pay is made to an employee solely on the basis of termination of contract by the employer. 2.4.2 Employees Provident Fund The Government has set up the Employees Provident Fund (EPF), a social security organization that provides retirement benefits to private sector  employees and non-pensionable public service employees.  Ã‚  Under the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) Act 1951 (Malaysia,1951), it is compulsory for all employers and employees to contribute towards this Fund. Employer need to contribute 12% for his employees EPF at the same time, employee need to contribute another 11% for himself from his monthly wages into his EPF savings. This fund provides benefits for old citizens, disability and death. Nevertheless, it does not provide cash assistance to any employee who is unemployed and the money can only be withdrawn when one reaches the age of 55. 2.4.3 Work Injury Insurance Work injury insurance is treated as a kind of employment related benefit in Malaysia. The Social Security Organization (SOCSO), a statutory body, administers payment of benefits under the Employment Injury Scheme and Invalidity Pension Scheme. The Employment Injury Scheme provides protection to employees who are involved in accident during work. On the other hand, Invalidity Pension Scheme provides 24 hours coverage for employees from invalidity or dies irrespective of the cause of death. Although these two schemes are not somewhat unemployment-specific, an unemployed worker could benefit under these schemes. That particular individual is covered whenever an injury or invalidity happens during his/her immediate past employment. This indirectly categorizes those two schemes, as the unemployment benefits system which is practiced by other countries (Eva,L. Walter,K.2000). 2.4.4 Services for the Poor In Malaysia, under the Destitute Person Act 1977, public assistance is available to households with monthly income of less than RM460. Families which suffer from poverty due to unemployment, aging, illness or even disability, may apply for assistance under this program (Eva,L. Walter,K.2000). 2.4.5 Labor Laws There are various labor laws in Malaysia that specify the obligations of employers with respect to the workers benefits which is mainly related to sickness, maternity, and termination. In other words, basic protection, such as mentioned above, has to be provided by the employers for their employees. The principal labor laws on these matters are the Industrial Relations Act 1967, the Employment Act 1955 for Peninsular Malaysia, the Labor Ordinances of the states of Sabah and Sarawak. The formula for the benefits is specified in the relevant laws. Certain sectors have their standard cover or benefits for those who are related within the sector itself. For instance, those in the plantation sector are accorded certain minimum benefits such as housing and medical benefits the Workers Minimum Standards of Housing and Amenities Act, 1990.(Soh C.S, 2007) 2.5 The effects of Unemployment on Social Issues Unemployment is one of the major causes of many social and economic problems, such as the imbalance of social status among the populations or the increase of vice activities. Social problem is pin pointed in this discussion. Of many countries around the globe, Malaysia is not excluded from getting involved and dealing with crime offence issues every day. The phenomenon of crime wave has received an increasing attention and the criminal activity has been given wide coverage in the newspaper and media (Muzafar Shah Habibullah A.H. Baharom,2008). As proposed by Becker (1968) and Ehrlich (1973), however, criminal activity in Malaysia does not attract the attention of the people across the globe and remains largely neglected by the economics of crime literature. Economic condition seems to be one of the most important macroeconomic variables affecting crime. According to the economic models of crime such as Becker (1968), when a nations economy is stabilized, fortified and becomes stronger, this would open more opportunities for the citizens to get themselves involved in the nations workforce. When individuals earn their income legitimately, the possibility or tendency of an individual to get involved in crime related activities would be greatly decreased, thus, relatively decreases the crime rate. According to Pichaud (1997), unemployment can cause a humongous social and economic cost to a countrys budget. Every problem arises would have its consequences, for instance, when the unemployed are faced with financial problem, hence, those individuals will be in poverty and in debts due to the inability to pay up their levies. The matter would be worse for those individuals having to support their family members. Once the population is in the state of poverty, they would be thinking of possible ways, legally or illegally, to get money in order to support their daily life expenses. According to Ehrlich (1973), he predicted that when opportunity cost in illegal activity is low, then unemployed will get involved in criminal as they can get better payoffs. Therefore, there are certain kinds of criminal activity are directly linked to unemployment. Jahoda (1982) has linked unemployment to family disruption, suicide, health problem, drug addiction, malnutrition, poor prenatal care, schoo l dropouts, racial and ethnic antagonism, and other possible social problems. On the other hand, a study proved a relationship between GDP per capita and robbery rate. The study tells that an increase in GDP per capita is associated with a significant fall in the robbery rate (Fajnzylber, Ledeman, Loayza,2002). This result supported by economic cycles which have a strong impact on crime. There is many other studies that prove and support the statement that strong economic performance may reduce criminal rate such as Pyle and Deadman (1994), Deadman and Pyle (1997), Hale (1998) and Masin and Masih (1996). Unemployment could affect the lifestyle of the society as this is strongly related to stress management. For an example, when unemployment occurs, this would increase

Home Work

How did the recession of 2007–2009 compare with other recessions since the Great Depression in terms of length? Ans. It was the longest. This may be close to a perfect storm situation on top of a real estate bust, and a financial bust [crime? ], â€Å"Technology† is a big part of the unemployment situation, and then there's the world wide normalizing of salary levels – China, India, etc. up, US down. 2. What effect did the recession of 2007–2009 have on government regulation? It was greatly increased. 3.What advantages does a sole proprietorship offer? What is a major drawback of this type of organization? A sole proprietorship offers the advantage of simplicity of decision-making and low organizational and operating costs. A major drawback is that there is unlimited liability to the owner. 8. Why are institutional investors important in today's business world? Because institutional investors such as pension funds and mutual funds own a large percentage of major U. S. companies, they are having more to say about the way publicly owned companies are managed.As a group, they have the ability to vote large blocks of shares for the election of a board of directors, which is supposed to run the company in an efficient, competitive manner. The threat of being able to replace poor performing boards of directors makes institutional investors quite influential. Since these institutions, like pension funds and mutual funds, represent individual workers and investors, they have a responsibility to see that the firm is managed in an efficient and ethical way. 9. Why is profit maximization, by itself, an inappropriate goal?What is meant by the goal of maximization of shareholder wealth? The problem with a profit maximization goal is that it fails to take account of risk, the timing of the benefits is not considered, and profit measurement is a very inexact process. The goal of shareholders wealth maximization implies that the firm will attempt to achieve the highest possible total valuation in the marketplace. It is the one overriding objective of the firm and should influence every decision. 10. When does insider trading occur? What government agency is responsible for protecting against the unethical practice of insider trading?Insider trading occurs when anyone with non-public information buys or sells securities to take advantage of that private information. The Securities and Exchange Commission is responsible for protecting markets against insider trading. In the past people have gone to jail for trading on non-public information. This has included company officers, investment bankers, printers who have information before it is publishers and even truck drivers who deliver business magazines and read positive or negative articles about a company before the magazine is on the newsstands and then place trades or have friends place trades based on that information.The SEC has prosecuted anyone who profits from inside inf ormation. Every decision 12. What is the difference between a primary and a secondary market? A primary market refers to the use of the financial markets to raise new funds for the corporation. After the securities are sold to the public (institutions and individuals), they trade in the secondary market between investors. It is in the secondary market that prices are continually changing as investors buy and sell securities based on the expectations of corporate prospects. 13.Assume you are looking at many companies with equal risk; which ones will have the highest stock prices? Given companies with equal risk, those companies with expectations of high return will have higher common stock prices relative to those companies with expectations of poor returns. Chapter 2 1. Discuss some financial variables that affect the price-earnings ratio. The price-earnings ratio will be influenced by the earnings and sales growth of the firm, the risk or volatility in performance, the debt-equity structure of the firm, the dividend payment policy, the quality of management, and a number of other factors.The ratio tends to be future-oriented, and the more positive the outlook, the higher it will be. 2. What is the difference between book value per share of common stock and market value per share? Why does this disparity occur? Book value per share is arrived at by taking the cost of the assets and subtracting out liabilities and preferred stock and dividing by the number of common shares outstanding. It is based on the historical cost of the assets. Market value per share is based on current assessed value of the firm in the marketplace and may bear little relationship to original cost.Besides the disparity between book and market value caused by the historical cost approach, other contributing factors are the growth prospects for the firm, the quality of management, and the industry outlook. To the extent, these are quite negative or positive; market value may differ widely from book value. 5. How is the income statement related to the balance sheet? The earnings (less dividends) reported in the income statement is transferred to the ownership section of the balance sheet as retained earnings.Thus, what we earn in the income statement becomes part of the ownership interest in the balance sheet. 6. Comment on why inflation may restrict the usefulness of the balance sheet as normally presented. The balance sheet is based on historical costs. When prices are rising rapidly, historical cost data may lose much of their meaning–particularly for plant and equipment and inventory. 10. Why is interest expense said to cost the firm substantially less than the actual expense, while dividends cost it 100 percent of the outlay?Interest expense is a tax-deductible item to the corporation, while dividend payments are not. The net cost to the corporation of interest expense is the amount paid multiplied by the difference of one minus the applicable tax rate. Fo r example, $100 of interest expense costs the company $65 after taxes when the corporate tax rate is 35 percent; for example, $100 ? (1 – . 35) = $65. Problems Q5. Sales -Cost of goods sold Gross profit -Selling and administrative expense -Depreciation expense Operating profit -Interest expense Earnings before taxes Taxes Earnings after taxes -Preferred stock dividends Earnings available to common stockholders Shares outstanding Earnings per share Q11. Stein Books, Inc. Income Statement For the year ended Dec. 31 2010 Sales$273,000 Cost of goods sold$210,000 Gross profit= 63,000 S&A expenses -12,000 Depreciation expense -15,000 Operating profit =36,000 Interest Expense -10,000 Earnings before taxes = 26,000 Taxes -7,800 Earnings after taxes = 18,200 Q18. (a) Compute earnings per share and the P/E ratio for 2009.The P/E ratio equals the stock price divided by the earnings per share. 280,000 / 200,000 = $1. 40 EPS 30. 80 / 1. 40 = 22 P/E ratio (b) Compute earnings per share and the P/E ratio for 2010. 320,000 /200,000 = $1. 60 EPS 40 / 1. 60 = 25 P/E ratio (c) Give a general explanation of why the P/E ratio changed. The market price of the stock increased at a higher rate than earnings. Second part: From the problem above, assume for Botox Facial Care that in 2011, Earnings after taxes declined to $140,000 with the same $200,000 shares outstanding. The stock price declined to $24. 50. a.Compute earnings per share and the P/E ratio for 2011. 140,000 / 200,000 = $0. 70 EPS 24. 50 / 0. 70 = 35 b. Give a general explanation of why the P/E changed. Earnings decreased at a higher rate than the market price of the stock. Q. 23. Landers Nursery and Garden Stores Current assets$220,000 Capital/Fixed assets $170,000 Total assets $390,000 – Current liabilities $80,000 – Long-term liabilities 140,000 Shareholders’ equity 170,000 – Preferred stock obligation 40,000 Net worth assigned to common 130,000 Common shares outstanding 25,000 Book v alue (net worth) per share†¦ $5. 20

Yesterday: the Color Purple and Welcome Table

For my week one assignment I choose to write about â€Å"The Welcome Table† (Walker, A) 1970. What first captured my interest in this short story was a poem listed before the story, the poem was called â€Å"For my sister Clara Ward† by (Walker, A) 1970 â€Å"I’m going to sit at the Welcome table, Shout my troubles over, Walk and talk with Jesus, Tell God how you treat me, One of these days! † This short story and poem reminds me of going to church with my great grandmother and grandmother. At that time I didn’t realize how precious it was to have them around.I took for granted having dinner every Sunday after church with those two wonderful ladies, sometime we would have conversations about Jesus and life for hours and hours as we sat around the table. Today I wish they were still here to help guide me through hard times. I find myself walking with my eyes closed listening for their voices for some kind of spiritual direction. Reading â€Å"The We lcome Table† allowed my mind to connect with my imagination to what Alice Walker was expressing to the world, and to the readers.The story focuses on an elderly woman’s life, and after she had worked for many years in many different households, she knew her life was soon coming to an end. Though she felt her life would soon be over her inspiration and focus was looking forward to having a talk with Jesus at the welcome table.The welcome table I believe is a metaphor for when she reaches heaven, she will be able to talk with her savior. In her final days she choose to attend a church to worship and praise Jesus, unfortunately because she was  unfamiliar to the parishioners of the church she was not allowed to continue her worship and she was escorted out of the church, from there the author tells how this elderly woman walked away with her head up and eventually on her journey met with the Lord and he took her home. I was asked to describe one of the analytical approac hes outlined in Chapter 16, using details from the text to support your interpretations. I chose to use a formalist approach in my critical essay.1- The setting for is short story was based on inter-racial issues from a moral and spiritual perspective. It reminds me of my great grandmother and grandmother telling me stories about their participation in some civil right demonstrations, how they have to drink water, shop for food and household supplies and praise God in certain section of the town that they both were raised in. I was always told you must stand for something or you’ll fall for anything.No matter what happen to the women in the story, her faith like Job, no matter what happen she praised God till the very end. That’s what made this story so memorable. 2- The author made this story intriguing from start to finish. I knew what was going on, but was still surprise at the Christians and the way they handle her. 3- The Welcome Table was well described and devel oped. It seems like it was based from the same small town in the movie â€Å"The Color Purple† which was also written Alice Walker, who was best known for this Pulitzer Prize winning novel â€Å"The Color Purple†.4- The author had to use some figurative language to set the back drop and to set the mood to reveal the era of the story. It was based in Georgia. You can tell that the town was still segregated and no real harm came to the women because of her age. 5- My point of view was her skin was a pale gray from working in extreme Georgia weather picking cotton, many years she worked also as a cook, chauffeur, and maid some might say mistress.The only pleasure in life that was left was going to church to thank God for keeping her through all the hard times. â€Å"Many at the church saw this as the beginning of the end of the sanctuary of Christian worship. Saw the desecration of Holy Church, and saw an invasion of privacy, which they struggled to believe they still ke pt† (Walker, A) 1970. Surprisingly enough this elderly woman was escorted by force out of the church building and into the presence of Jesus.

Inclusive Education Essay - 1546 Words

Personally I feel, that before attempting to find out whether our country understands and applies the concept of inclusion to its educational system, it is more adequate to try and understand the meaning of Inclusion, a complex issue which creates continuous debates. In the book Creating Inclusive Classrooms, J. Spencer Salend defines inclusion as : â€Å"[†¦] a philosophy that brings diverse students, families, educators and community members together to create schools and other social institutions based on acceptance, belonging and community [†¦] (Creating inclusive Classrooms, 2005, p.6) As a result, inclusive education considers as from a young age, all students as full members of the school community including students with different†¦show more content†¦Whereas, before few students with special needs managed to join higher or special education, more students are nowadays joining lower secondary schools while a number of others are proceeding even to tertiary education. Consequently, we cannot underestimate the fact that a lot of progress has been made in what regards inclusive education in Malta. Yet, we still seem to have a lot of uncertainties about this issue. According to studies done by Dr Andrew Azzopardi, : ‘Inclusion’ even in Malta is a contemporary debate in education that raises a great deal of discussion and argumentation but regrettably remains a dispassionate topic, with shallow exchanges.† (Career Guidance for persons with disability, 2008) Therefore, the issue of inclusive education in Malta remains one that raises a number of questions such as: Do Maltese teachers, LSA’s and administrative staff really understand the concept of inclusive education? Are mainstream schools adequately equipped to welcome students with different needs? Are teachers acquainted to this idea and are LSA’s adequately trained to provide the necessary support? One thing that doubtlessly comes to mind when discussing inclusion, is the integration of students with special needs. As Dr Andrew Azzopardi suggests : AnyShow MoreRelatedInclusive Curriculum : Education And Inclusive Education769 Words   |  4 PagesInclusive Curriculum In the 19th century, special needs learners, particularly students with disability have to be segregated in the special schools. However, over the past decades, humanity’s progress has occurred in acknowledging that students with special needs enjoy the same education rights as their peers. Nowadays, this group of student cohort has access to mainstreaming schools and inclusive education. In Australia, today’s classrooms are becoming increasingly diverse. According to AustralianRead MoreInclusive Education1804 Words   |  8 Pagesaccess to regular schools – that is the basic idea of the department’s Inclusive Education or Mainstreaming Program. In the Mainstreaming Program, the department maintains a warm and accepting classroom community that honors differences and embraces diversity of students. In the Philippines in 1992, the enactment of Republic Act 7277, otherwise known as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, provided the Department of Education a stronger impetus to improve on its educational services for these childrenRead MoreInclusive Education3595 Words   |  15 PagesINCLUSIVE EDUCATION: CHALENGES AND PROSPECT IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE ABSTRACT Inclusive education is process of strengthening the capacity of the education system to reach out to all learners, irrespective of their abilities, disabilities, ethnicity, gender and age, and receives quality education. The purpose of the study is to ensure that all children gain access to quality education that will prepare them to contribute to country’s progress. 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Although the movement of inclusive education has gained momentum in recent years, there are number of factor that plays important role for inclusive education to be successful, such as training, resources, legislationRead MoreThe Challenges Of Inclusive Education Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesChallenges of inclusive education Koster (2009), defines the ‘social participation’ as, â€Å"The social participation of peoples with special needs in regular education is the presence of positive contact/interaction between these children and their classmates; acceptance of them by their classmates; social relationships/friendships between them and their classmates and the people s perception they are accepted by their classmates† He further says that in a regular classroom students with differentRead MoreInclusive Education in India2690 Words   |  11 PagesA note on Inclusive Education Historically, attempts towards development and ensuring equality and justice for all have commonly been found to conform to the norms and systems of the majority. Most of these attempts have articulated the need for inclusion of all segments of the society – however, in most cases this articulation took the form of ‘special care systems’ that ultimately led to further exclusion of these com munities – physically, mentally and psychologically. For a variegated and multi-segmentRead More Inclusive Education Essay3017 Words   |  13 Pagesface special education. Although we live in a democratic nation, many people are unaware that every human being is to be treated equally in an educational institution. Is society conscious of the fact that students with special needs are able to be included in regular education classrooms, whether they be mentally or physically disabled? What actions should people take as legislator, citizen, parent, teacher or student? Typically, the primary responsibility of general education teachers isRead MoreInclusive Education For Children With Disabilities1631 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Inclusive education is where children with disabilities receive special education services in the general education setting. Many factors can make inclusion difficult or complex. Accommodating instruction to meet the educational needs of all students is one of the most fundamental problems in education. Many argue that inclusive practices benefit all students. While others argue that inclusive education is inadequately designed to meet the needs of exceptional students. Benefits of inclusiveRead MoreCollaborative Teaching And Inclusive Education1495 Words   |  6 PagesSpecial education settings provide an exclusive service to students who are physically or mentally challenged. There are many creative, and innovative teaching approaches and techniques developed these days to facilitate learners with special needs. Focusing to expand their learning outcomes I have decided to choose Collaborative Teaching and Inclusive Education as the most effective evidence-based strategy. As a ma tter of fact, the understandings and mastering of the strategies are crucial beforeRead MoreSpecial Education vs Inclusive Education887 Words   |  4 Pagesbeneficial to students in areas of learning other than academic, including that of emotional and social development. Wagner is in support of inclusive education, but believes that â€Å"Placement in regular education alone does not ensure success.† (Wagner, 1996). It is important to understand the individual needs of children included in mainstream education, as well as their strengths and weaknesses (Harrison, 1998). Wagner also advises the use of teacher aids, saying that â€Å"At least partial support